Women of Science Fiction: Begum Rokeya

Episode Summary

The podcast episode profiles Begum Rakhaya, a pioneering feminist writer and activist from Bengal. Rakhaya was born in 1880 into a traditional Muslim family that followed strict rules like purdah, restricting women's freedom and education. However, Rakhaya's brother secretly tutored her at night, fostering her intelligence and interest in advocating for women's rights. Her eventual husband further enabled her writing and activism. In 1905, Rakhaya published her most well-known work, the short story Sultana's Dream, in Indian Ladies magazine. The story depicts a utopian world called Ladyland run by women, who have harnessed technology to create an efficient, peaceful, and ecologically sustainable society. Ladyland served as a visionary feminist statement, arguing that women could lead society's progress if given education and opportunity. The protagonist wonders how women gained power over men, and her guide explains, "a lion is stronger than a man, but it does not enable him to dominate the human race." Beyond fiction, Rakhaya actively fought for Indian women's rights, especially to education. After her husband died and left her money, she opened the first school for Muslim girls in her region in 1909. She also started educational programs for poor women and widows, and founded the Muslim Women's Society to advocate women's legal and political rights in 1916. In the 1920s, she spoke at the prominent Bengal Women’s Education Conference. Rakhaya passed away in 1932 at age 52. She became known posthumously as Begum Rakhaya, a title denoting a high-ranking Muslim woman. In Bangladesh, Rakhaya is still celebrated today with Rakhaya Day and a national award in her name for women promoting women's rights. She remains an important early pioneer of Indian feminism and visionary of feminist utopias.

Episode Show Notes

Begum Rokeya (c. 1880-1932) spent her life fighting for women’s rights in India and Bangladesh. She opened the first school for Muslim girls in her region and advocated for women’s education. She dreamed of a world where women could reach their full potential — a world she brought to life in her revolutionary feminist utopian short story “Sultana’s Dream.”

Episode Transcript

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This month we're talking about women of science fiction. These women inspire us to imagine impossible worlds, alien creatures, and fantastical inventions, revealing our deepest fears and hopes for the future. In the short story Sultana's Dream, an impossible, fantastic world awaits. Beautiful flowers and lush greenery line every street. Artists harness the sun to power technology. People get around in flying cars, and women control it all. This is ladyland, free from sin and harm. Virtue herself reigns here. At the turn of the 20th century, the idea of educating Indian women and allowing them the freedom to become leaders in science and government was utopian. Today, we're talking about the woman from Bengal who dedicated her life to bringing that dream world closer to reality. Please welcome Begum Rakhaya. Rakhaya Sakawat Husain was born to a Muslim family around 1880 in Rongpur. Rongpur is in modern-day Bangladesh, but back then the land was still part of India. Rakhaya's father was a traditional man. The women in his family were not allowed to receive a formal education. They also had to follow purdah, a practice that dictates women stay secluded in different parts of the home called zananas, or wear veils to cover themselves. But Rakhaya was smart, and she wanted to bend those strict rules. Her older brother Ibrahim would stay up late with Rakhaya and their sister, Karim Munissa, giving them a patchwork informal education. Rakhaya would often study all night, only pausing for the morning prayer. Ibrahim also encouraged their father to marry Rakhaya off to a more liberal and westernized man, though he was more than twice her age. Rakhaya's husband supported her education, though, helping improve her English and providing her with countless books. He also encouraged Rakhaya to write. Rakhaya was most interested in advocating for Indian women's rights in her stories, especially their right to an equal education. She began her career submitting stories to literary magazines. In 1905, Rakhaya published her most popular work, Sultana's Dream, in the Indian Ladies magazine. It follows an Indian woman who drifts off in an armchair and enters a surreal dream of a place called Ladyland. It's a beautiful, peaceful, and efficient society run completely by women. They've figured out how to harness the clouds to irrigate crops and can control when it rains. They use high-tech machines to work the land, leaving everyone with more leisure time. And in a gender reversal, men are the ones kept secluded and hidden at home. When the protagonist asks how women were allowed to take control of the country, given that men are physically bigger and stronger, her Ladyland guide explains, "...a lion is stronger than a man, but it does not enable him to dominate the human race." Sultana's Dream was a groundbreaking feminist utopia story when it was published. It was a vision of the future that Rakhaya wanted to make a reality. She said, "...we constitute one half of the society, and if we are left behind, how can the society progress?" Rakhaya published other fiction and nonfiction stories promoting women's rights, including attacking some of the more extreme practices of purdah. She also published several novels, and her activism extended beyond the page. When her husband died, he left Rakhaya a large sum of money. She used it to open the first school for Muslim girls in her region in 1909. Rakhaya would go door-to-door trying to persuade families to allow their daughters to learn. She also launched an educational program for poor women in Kolkata, teaching them to read and write. In 1916, Rakhaya founded the Muslim Women's Society in Bengal to advocate for women's legal and political rights. The organization helped pay for women to attend school, provided shelter for orphans, and offered financial and legal services to widows. About 10 years later, she spoke at the Bengal Women's Education Conference. The conference was one of the earliest attempts in the country's history to organize women around educational rights. Rakhaya passed away on December 9, 1932. She was 52 years old. After her death, she became known as Begum Rakhaya. Begum meaning a Muslim woman of high rank. On the anniversary of her death, she's still celebrated as part of Rakhaya Day every year in Bangladesh. And the Bangladeshi government created an award in her honor, given to women who follow in Rakhaya's footsteps by promoting women's rights. All month we're talking about women of science fiction. For more information, find us on Facebook and Instagram at Womanika Podcast. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. As always, we'll be taking a break for the weekend. Talk to you on Monday!