Women of Sound: Sophie Germain

Episode Summary

In the episode titled "Women of Sound: Sophie Germain" from the Womanica podcast, the story of Sophie Germain, a pioneering mathematician who made significant contributions to the understanding of sound, is brought to light. Born in 1776 in Paris, France, Sophie Germain was a self-taught mathematician who, despite societal norms that discouraged women from engaging in scientific and mathematical studies, pursued her passion for mathematics from a young age. She was inspired by the story of Archimedes and his deep investment in mathematics, which led her to study by candlelight, often in the cold, as her parents attempted to steer her away from her "unladylike" interests. Sophie Germain's determination led her to adopt the male pseudonym Monsieur Leblanc to study at the École Polytechnique, a prestigious institution that was, at the time, only open to men. Her exceptional work under this alias caught the attention of Professor Lagrange, who became a mentor to her even after discovering her true identity. Germain's focus on number theory and her correspondence with the renowned mathematician Karl Gauss under her pseudonym further established her as a formidable mathematician. Despite the challenges she faced due to her gender, including isolation and sidelining from academic circles, Germain made groundbreaking contributions to mathematics and physics. One of Sophie Germain's most notable achievements was her work on the Chladni figures, a phenomenon observed when sound vibrations cause sand on a plate to form intricate patterns. Responding to a contest proposed by the French Academy of Sciences, Germain explored mathematical explanations for this phenomenon. After three attempts, her thesis, "Memoir on the Vibrations of Elastic Plates," was recognized by the Academy, making her the first woman to be awarded a prize by the institution in 1816. Her work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of vibration, acoustics, and elasticity. Despite her contributions, Sophie Germain remained largely unrecognized by the academic community during her lifetime. She became the first woman to attend lectures at the French Academy of Science on her own merit and was set to receive an honorary degree arranged by Karl Gauss. Unfortunately, she died of breast cancer at the age of 55 before she could receive it. Sophie Germain's legacy as a woman of sound and a trailblazer in mathematics and physics endures, highlighting her perseverance and the significant barriers she overcame in pursuit of her passion for knowledge.

Episode Show Notes

Sophie Germain (1776-1831) was a French mathematician and physicist who contributed to the study of acoustics, elasticity, and number theory. She was forced to assume a fake male identity to have her work taken seriously, but her efforts paved the way for further breakthrough discoveries in mathematics.

Episode Transcript

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SPEAKER_03: Hey hun, we really need new phones.T-Mobile will cover the cost of four amazing new iPhone 15s.And each line is only $25 a month. SPEAKER_04: New iPhone 15s?Best new year ever. SPEAKER_03: Get four iPhone 15s on us with eligible trade-in when you switch to T-Mobile.T-Mobile. Hello.From Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan, and this is Womanica.This month, we're talking about women of sound. SPEAKER_02: These women dominated the airwaves, innovating, documenting, and creating the audio landscape we live in today.In 1808, the German physicist Ernst Chladni stood in front of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Academy of Science in Paris.Chladni poured a fine layer of sand over a plate and then ran a bow along its edge.The plate emitted a tone. In response to the sound, the sand began to jump and move, forming intricate geometric patterns.Amazed, Napoleon proposed a prize to any mathematician who could make sense of this phenomenon.Today we're talking about the woman who won that prize, Sophie Germain.Sophie was born in 1776 in Paris, France, to a wealthy family.From a young age, Sophie loved to read books in her father's library. One day, she came across the story of Archimedes, the famous Greek mathematician known for his analysis of the lever and pulley. As the story went, Archimedes had been so engrossed in his mathematical study that when his town was invaded by the Roman army, he didn't notice.And he was speared to death on the spot.Sophia was struck by how deeply invested Archimedes had been in his practice.He'd been so consumed that he died.Sophia knew she had to see what the fuss was all about. So, Sophie started teaching herself the basics of mathematics.She would study late into the night by candlelight, reading books by famous theorists like Euler and Newton.At the time, it was frowned upon for women to learn subjects like math and science.They were only deemed fit for men.Sophie's parents discouraged her unladylike fascination with mathematics by confiscating all of her candles and putting out the fire at night. But Sophie wasn't easily dissuaded.She kept a secret stash of candles in her room and bundled up in a quilt to stay warm.Sometimes it got so cold that the ink froze in the inkwell.Still, Sophie persisted.In 1794, a new academy called École Polytechnique opened in Paris.It was meant to be a place of study for the most talented mathematicians and scientists in the nation.But only men were allowed to attend. Sophie circumvented this requirement by taking on the identity of a former male student, Monsieur Leblanc.Unaware that this Monsieur Leblanc was actually a young woman, the school printed extra lecture notes and course materials for him, allowing Sophie to keep up with the classes.One of Sophie's teachers, Professor Lagrange, was so impressed with this so-called Monsieur Leblanc's work that he asked to meet in person. Sophie could hide her secret no longer and revealed her true identity to the professor.Perhaps surprisingly, the professor supported her aspirations and remained a mentor and resource.Sophie took a particular interest in number theory.And there was one number theory problem vexing mathematicians at the time.In the 17th century, the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat proposed what's known as Fermat's Last Theorem, You're probably familiar with the Pythagorean theorem, that is, a squared plus b squared equals c squared.Well, Fermat posited that if the power is any number greater than two, then the equation is no longer valid.It was simple to show that was indeed the case.But it was incredibly hard to prove the principle behind why it didn't work.Fermat himself never provided the proof. Sofie was determined to uncover it. So in 1804, Sophie returned to using her pseudonym and struck up a correspondence with Karl Gauss, a renowned German mathematician and authority on number theory, to discuss some of her work on the proof.Sophie's true identity was also eventually revealed to Karl.Fortunately, he too continued to encourage her work.In the end, Sophie was able to construct part of the missing proof. the problem would continue to stump mathematicians for another century.Her breakthrough helped lead to the discovery of the complete proof in the mid-1990s.Sophie then turned her attention to another prominent mathematical puzzle of the day, the Chladni figures.In response to the French Academy of Sciences contest, Sophie explored mathematical explanations as to why sound vibrations cause the intricate shifting patterns in the sand. It took Sophie three tries, but on her third submission, the Academy agreed that her thesis, Memoir on the Vibrations of Elastic Plates, was worthy of recognition. In 1816, and under her own name to boot, Sophie Germain became the first woman to be awarded a prize by the Academy.Her pioneering work in understanding the physics of vibration, acoustics, and the elasticity of surfaces changed the course of how we understand sound. Even still, Sophie remained isolated and sidelined from academic circles.But always dogged, she managed to become the first woman on her own merit to attend lectures at the French Academy of Science.She did have some allies in her corner.Karl Gauss arranged for a German university to bestow her with an honorary degree.But before she could receive it, she died of breast cancer at the age of 55. All month, we're talking about women of sound.For more information, find us on Facebook and Instagram at Womanica Podcast.Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. Talk to you tomorrow. 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