SPEAKER_08: This message comes from NPR sponsor Bank of America with powerful digital solutions for local and global businesses so you can make every move matter. Visit bankofamerica.com slash banking for business Bank of America in a copyright 2023.
SPEAKER_04: This is Planet Money from NPR. Welcome summer school class of 2023.
SPEAKER_09: We gather today on the imaginary lawn of Planet Money University to celebrate what we have achieved. You worked hard this summer by pressing play on a podcast adjusting the volume occasionally paying attention. And now you are ready to become a master of business administration. Spelled without capital letters for legal reasons. Of course you will have to pass a short online quiz first. You can find it in the show notes or at npr.org slash summer school answer 10 easy questions and you get a diploma like image suitable for putting up on the fridge or in your office if they have a sense of humor. But I'm going to be honest with you what really matters for an MBA is not that diploma sure it looks nice on the wall. But what really matters is the confidence the confidence to take everything they've learned in business school and stand in front of an investor and ask for money. That's what the MBA is all about and that's what we're going to do on today's graduation episode as a treat. We're going to do our own version of Shark Tank. Five Planet Money listeners one shrewd investor. I'm excited to hear all of your pictures.
SPEAKER_04: Angela Lee teaches classes on VC venture capital at Columbia Business School.
SPEAKER_09: She's also an investor herself the founder of 37 Angels where she's heard 20,000 startup pitches and funded 100 of them. So I have to ask Angela do you always know in the first minute or so whether it's worth funding a particular business. I would say that getting to a no is much faster than getting to a yes.
SPEAKER_04: So there are definitely folks that I talk to and yep first minute I know it's not a fit either they're too early they're too late or the idea has been done 10 other times. I would say the fastest I've ever gotten to a yes is probably 15 minutes into a call where I'm like yep I'm going to give this founder capital they are going to crush it. As we're going into our kinder healthier version of the Shark Tank which we're calling the Guppy Tank.
SPEAKER_09: I love it. Is there anything we should think about I mean when we watch Shark Tank is that in any way realistic? So what is realistic is that you have to get a lot of information out in a very short amount of time and that people are making decisions really quickly.
SPEAKER_04: A somewhat daunting statistic is that VCs look at pitch decks in about three minutes. That's how quickly they decide am I going to meet with you and that's kind of horrifying as a founder to realize that I just spent maybe six months a year working on this idea. And then someone's going to decide in three minutes if they're going to take a meeting. So that's very similar. What's not similar is I would argue they are trying to be entertaining and provocative and the fact that six VCs are in one room competing that's also not super realistic. Yeah but it's entertaining.
SPEAKER_09: But it's entertaining.
SPEAKER_09: Today on Guppy Tank we will try to emulate the entertaining part of Shark Tank. The drama. The amazing inventions. Without all the shouting and all that filthy money. Our five guppies are competing for something even nobler than cash. The right to be called Valedictorian of the class of 2023. After the break.
SPEAKER_02: This message comes from NPR sponsor Mint Mobile. From the gas pump to the grocery store inflation is everywhere. So Mint Mobile is offering premium wireless starting at just $15 a month. To get your new phone plan for just $15 go to mintmobile.com slash switch. This message comes from NPR sponsor Crowe. Don't avoid or resist the unknown. Face it head on. Crowe offers top flight services in audit, tax, advisory and consulting to help your business take on today's biggest challenges. Visit embrace volatility dot com.
SPEAKER_09: This is it students. We've spent the summer learning how a business works. The lingo, the accounting, the strategy. And the way you put that all together is in something called the pitch. One minute to convince an investor that you have a great idea. And you know what you're doing. We have warned all five of our listener contestants to trademark or patent their ideas first. So don't even think about stealing them everyone. And this is the best part. We've asked professionals to do this. We've asked the investor Angela Lee to take us inside her thought process. How does she evaluate a new business? What are the questions she asks before she gives out any money? So you ready Angela? I am. Alright let's do this thing. Planet Money Summer School Guppy Tank.
SPEAKER_09: Coming in as our first guppies. Wait are they the guppies? Are we the guppies? I haven't thought through this whole metaphor. Anyways somebody's a guppy and who we have calling in is our very first founder I guess we should say. From Missoula, Montana. Although he does live in Portland, Oregon. He is a published author and his name is Ian Desher. Hey Ian. Hi there. Give us your short elevator pitch. So the idea is a sort of book of the month subscription, book subscription where you get a book every month.
SPEAKER_06: But it's sort of that meets Cameo which is the celebrity book. That meets Cameo which is the celebrity video service that we've all heard of. Okay. And the idea is then that your favorite authors will recommend books. They'll have a list of books and those books will arrive to you once every month. So I could get the books from my favorite authors who I as a reader would be super interested to hear what is Tana French love? What does Stephen King love? What does James McBride love? So that's the idea.
SPEAKER_09: That was Ian Desher with a celebrity take on the book of the month club. So just to make this clear Ian how it works. Say I really love Stephen King. I would pay your company a subscription fee and then every month I get sent a weird creepy book that Stephen King loves. Although what he recommends might not be a creepy book.
SPEAKER_06: He might decide that you should read volume A of the Encyclopedia Britannica. But I'm locked into the subscription.
SPEAKER_09: Like I don't know what they are until they come. It's kind of a surprise. That's right.
SPEAKER_06: Which also makes it the perfect gift for the reader in your life. We're going to bring in our investor Angela Lee to ask some of the hard questions.
SPEAKER_09: First of all I think it's such a fun idea.
SPEAKER_04: I was already thinking who are the five authors that I want to hear from? But I have a long list already coming into my brain. My first question is if I am one friend, a book lover talking to another book lover, how would I describe this? Specifically you have to use this tool because. What would I say to my friend? And Ian the reason why I'm asking that question is because what I'm really trying to get to is what is the problem you're solving for the customer?
SPEAKER_06: So I think that the real thing that I'm selling here is engagement with your favorite authors. I will say that as a reader I'm always looking for new titles for my to read pile. And so there is that part of it as well. But I think what you're really selling is the engagement with your favorite authors. And I imagine potentially higher tiers of this offering where you might get to be on a Zoom call with your favorite author. Or you might get some sort of special insight that people who are getting the basic subscription don't get. I love the clarity of your response.
SPEAKER_04: I think it's so important to know exactly the problem you're solving. It informs who you talk to, how you message your Instagram ad or your Facebook ad, whatever the case may be. And that clarity is really, really important. My next question is what is in it for the celebrity? Because if their names are well known enough for people to be excited about it, I'm just curious what's in it for them? I imagine that every author who participates gets a base level amount for creating their list.
SPEAKER_06: And then they get a portion of every subscription that is sold under their name.
SPEAKER_09: So money is what you're saying. You're essentially saying like for some writers they're like, yeah, I can make a couple bucks off of every subscription. I'm just making up a number here. Absolutely.
SPEAKER_06: I also think there is the possibility that if that author has a new book coming out, maybe that gets substituted as one of their picks for that month. So there is some possibility that they are also selling books in the process. My next question would be what is the market size for this?
SPEAKER_04: And so, Ian, have you thought about how many folks are willing to pay for the service and then how many authors would sign on? I think the market in terms of readers is big because tons of people are out there buying books all the time.
SPEAKER_06: And the hope is that you would have a mix of authors from very popular authors who are selling millions of books every year to more niche authors. And then more people will join as they see the success of the company. If you were pitching me for funding, I would want numbers behind that answer.
SPEAKER_04: So what I would love to hear is on the book lover side, we think that there are five million people willing to pay for this. And the reason why we know that is because there are this many people who pay for Audible or this many people who buy more than X number of books per year. However you want to quantify it, but really quantifying the market size on the reader side.
SPEAKER_09: All right, Ian. Good pitch. Thank you. As Ian Desscher walks out of the guppy tank, we're giving him extra points for pitching this to a network, NPR, that frankly adores books and authors. But how many people even buy 12 books a year? He's got some work to do running the numbers. Next entrepreneur facing the guppies, a man who wants to be an essential part of your next vacation. From Kingston, Jamaica, welcome Dane McKibben into the tank.
SPEAKER_01: So I'm sure you guys travel a lot. Have you ever been to a new city and wondered, where do I get the really good food? Where do the locals go to eat? Or maybe you thought to yourself, am I getting an authentic experience or am I just stuck in one of these tourist traps? My idea is basically for the Uber of tour guides. It's an on-demand platform connecting travelers around the world with vetted, certified local guides for authentic tours of their home cities. With just a tap, see any destination through the eyes of someone who really lives there. You can get immersed in the culture, hear the little known histories and find the hole in the wall joint while also economically empowering the real people who make these cities what they are. I think this is inclusive tourism at its best. What do you guys think?
SPEAKER_09: That was Dane McKibben with Uber for tour guides. So with your idea, anyone could potentially be a guide and share what they love about a place. Like I live in New York City, so I could sign up and bring someone to Steve's Key Lime Pies down by the harbor or give you a tour of the cemetery near my house, which I love to walk in. So Angela, what do you want to know about Dane's business?
SPEAKER_04: The biggest question I have is around competitive landscape. This is a space where there are a lot of players playing in this area. And if I just think about how overwhelmed we all are, how do you get the attention of a traveler given how much things that you're thinking about? So who do you think are your biggest competitors? I don't want you to list specific companies, but categories of competitors. Okay.
SPEAKER_01: I think, you know, without saying their names outright, I think companies that already work in an on-demand type of platform. Maybe they get people taxes or maybe they rent people homes on a temporary basis, you know, hinting. They would be best positioned to do this kind of thing, because it's basically what they do already. But I think what a lot of them don't have is something that is security first. Like if you're hiring a local tour guide, you want to know that you're safe. You want to know that they'll take you somewhere where you won't be uncomfortable or in danger or anything like that. And I also think partnerships, local partnerships. Localization is a lot easier if you know your market, and doing that is easier if you have a partner in the market. I'm already thinking here about the tradeoff between scalability and safety, right?
SPEAKER_09: You want to build a big company? That was my next question. Yeah, you want to build a big company. You want to have lots of people come in. But if you have to vet each one and figure out who you trust to take you to a 1 a.m. party in a city you don't know, that's a hard problem, right, Angela?
SPEAKER_04: Absolutely, right. So as investors, we're looking for companies that scale really quickly. And when we hear things that require human intervention, like vetting tour guides, it gives us some pause. And I want to go back a little bit to competitive landscape. So as an investor, what I'm looking to hear is that we have these two or three or four different categories of competitors. And so one might be local tour guides that you have to just find one on one. Others might be audio tour guides. Others might be things like the Yelps and Trip Advisors of the world. So just thinking about the categories. And what I'm looking to understand is how do you stack up against each of those different categories of competitors?
SPEAKER_01: So the commercial tours, you're right. This is the established competitor. But my issue with them is that it's so, how you say, so whitewashed, so not authentic. In terms of price, they can be pricey. What this type of platform would do is open it up to the potential guides to a lot of possible people. This could be like students or retirees, what have you, and let them set the price. So it would probably be value-based pricing based on if they're multilingual or whatever. But at least you would have the option from the lower end to very cheap if you just need someone who would take you to a nice place to eat for lunch. Or at the higher end, someone who's like a history buff who knows five languages and has the time to take you all over the city. That's great.
SPEAKER_04: And I'm starting to hear your unique value proposition emerge, right? So I'm hearing authentic. I'm hearing cost effective. I'm hearing personalized. And that's great because I need to understand as an investor how you are different than everything that's out there. Thank you so much, Dane.
SPEAKER_01: Thanks, guys. Thanks for having me.
SPEAKER_09: Dane McGibbon leaves the tank with a classic conundrum. How does a little guppy with a big idea compete against the industry whales? This wouldn't be a Shark Tank ripoff without lots of ads and a dramatic tease to the next contestant. She spent a soggy weekend in Washington, D.C., wearing the wrong shoes.
SPEAKER_07: I really just toughed it out. And that's when I thought of this idea.
SPEAKER_09: The rubber hits the road after these quasi commercial messages.
SPEAKER_08: This message comes from Jackson. Let's face it, retirement planning can be confusing. At Jackson, we're working to make retirement clear for everyone, starting with you. Our easy to understand resources and user friendly digital tools help simplify your entire experience. You can have confidence in your retirement with clarity from Jackson. Seek the clarity you deserve at Jackson.com. Jackson is short for Jackson Financial Incorporated, Jackson National Life Insurance Company, Lansing, Michigan, and Jackson National Life Insurance Company of New York, Purchase New York.
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SPEAKER_09: We're back floating around our lukewarm guppy tank. Our first two pitches nailed the classic business school game of taking a popular service and doing it for a different industry. So we had Cameo, but for books, and Uber, but for tour guides. Next up, an actual invention from an actual inventor. Kaylee Hubbard from Albuquerque, New Mexico. Come on in. Your pitch starts now.
SPEAKER_07: My product is the Collapsi-Boot. It is a collapsible rain boot. They would be just like regular rain boots. Only the neck of them would collapse, making them more portable. And making them easier to travel with so that more people would use rain boots and it would save a lot of people a lot of discomfort. The Collapsi-Boot from Kaylee Hubbard.
SPEAKER_09: So this product idea came to you, I understand, from a recent wet experience. Yes, I got the dirty Washington, D.C. rainwater pedicure that I never wanted when I was on a trip there.
SPEAKER_07: And I didn't have any rain boots. I couldn't find any that I could pack and I hate checking my luggage. So I really just toughed it out in my flip-flops. And that's when I thought of this idea. Angela Lee, our Guppy Tank professor.
SPEAKER_09: What questions do you have about the collapsible rain boot? Kaylee, this idea is so needed.
SPEAKER_04: One of the questions I have is, whatever I'm thinking about a physical product, supply chain is really, really important. So I'm curious, have you thought a little bit about where this would be manufactured in the world? Right, I have thought about this.
SPEAKER_07: And we are capable of finding an easy supply chain for these because the collapsible technology has improved. I mean, I have a collapsible coffee mug. I have a collapsible bucket, collapsible cups. I don't know where I would get it. I would think wherever you make collapsible water bottles is where we would make them. And only there would be a boot. They're just rubber, so it wouldn't be too difficult. Yeah, and so that's one of the questions that when we're talking to founders,
SPEAKER_04: we're looking for kind of that scrappiness in terms of talking to different factories to say, hey, how much does it cost to get a boot made? How many can I make? And all that kind of stuff. And then also factoring in shipping.
SPEAKER_07: Yeah, when I trademarked this last week and patented it, they said the same thing that we need to find like a factory that would make this or something. I cut off the neck of a boot and put one of my collapsible water bottle things in there. Love that ingenuity. That's like the beginning of it, but right.
SPEAKER_04: Another thing I think about when you're building a physical product is the last thing you want to do is to make 10,000 of these and have them sit in a warehouse somewhere. So I'll give you some ideas, Kaley, in terms of how to test the market to know what are the features that really matter and how do you know that people are willing to buy these things before you go and manufacture it. One could be Kickstarter. Kickstarter and Indiegogo were created to do exactly this, to say, hey, before I go and make 1,000 or 10,000 of these in a factory, let me make sure that people want them and what really matters in terms of collapsibility. And so that's one idea for you. That's a great idea. Another idea is to go on to places where people are buying travel gear and maybe do a quick survey and just say, hey, how many of you would buy this and at what price? And so the more people you could talk to on the customer side but also on the retailing side, the more you are able to then de-risk this idea.
SPEAKER_09: Kaley, thank you so much and you've got to let us know if this ends up being a thing. Like, I would order something. I totally would.
SPEAKER_09: Next up, a professional guppy. This Planet Money listener has already launched her business and has been working on it full-time for the last three months. She wants the opportunity to help it grow faster. Eleanor Jacobs from Los Angeles is in the tank. Okay, let's talk about something that we all will encounter but often shy away from.
SPEAKER_03: Planning for aging and end of life. My name is Eleanor Jacobs and I founded Familial, a digital app that makes long-term planning easier and more collaborative for families. The impact of not being prepared when a loved one passes away can be huge. It can take hundreds of hours. It can take hundreds of hours to get to the top of the list. It can take hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sort through everything. Not to mention the emotional burden and relationship toll. Imagine this. If you or a loved one suddenly gets sick or dies, what is left behind? Are your accounts organized? How about that old 401K or the timeshare you bought decades ago? Have you shared the story of your grandmother's wedding band? Familial is a guide to give you and your family peace of mind. Familial covers a holistic set of topics from healthcare planning and asset organization to legal document review and household management. To do this, we simplify complex tasks into manageable steps. All in an interactive app that families can use together. Eleanor Jacobs with Familial.
SPEAKER_09: I want to be able to picture exactly what you're offering. So if I wanted to sit down with my parents and use your app to plan their later years, what would I see? Is there a form I would fill out? Is it a set of questions? Absolutely. So one of the features you mentioned is something that has resonated with a lot of customers we've been testing with, and we call that feature a digital app.
SPEAKER_03: So essentially it's kind of like a deck of cards. And it takes families through about 30 critical questions that will guide critical conversations for them to discuss. And what we've learned is it takes the onus off of either party. So neither the parent nor the adult child or whoever the relationship is has to be the person to lead the conversation. You actually get to have this conversation with your family. You actually get to have this third party lead it. Thank you for creating this really important service.
SPEAKER_04: My first question is who is your customer exactly, and when are you capturing them in this life planning process? Our target customer, when people start to really think about longer-term planning,
SPEAKER_03: is after they've hit retirement, after they've paid for their kids to go to college, and they're really starting to think more about their own future. So generally in that 60 to 75 age range demographically. Psychographically, they're people who are more open to new technology, and they're people who want to be prepared. They care about how they leave their affairs behind. Love the use of vocabulary.
SPEAKER_09: Angela, you of course talked about demographics and psychographics in our very first episode this season. Exactly.
SPEAKER_04: Glad you were paying attention. Another question I had is how are you going to get to these folks? Are you going through financial advisors, folks like that? What's the way that you're going to get in front of folks to capture them?
SPEAKER_03: Because we have some clear demographics, that allows us to do some targeting on things like digital marketing channels, social media, et cetera. I have spoken with financial advisors who believe that this is the type of product that they would potentially want to refer their clients to, because it actually helps them with their jobs as well. So I think there's potentially a B2C path as well as a B2B path. And I should say B2C is business to consumer, meaning you would sell to families,
SPEAKER_09: and B2B is business to business, meaning you would sell to financial advisors, retirement homes, or offer it to corporations as a perk they could provide to their employees. I love that you thought through that.
SPEAKER_04: Thank you so much for coming on, Eleanor. We appreciate it.
SPEAKER_09: Thank you so much.
SPEAKER_03: Good luck, Eleanor.
SPEAKER_09: As Eleanor Jacobs leaves the tank, the competition is now fierce. Blood is in the water. We would say if we were talking about sharks, but we're not. So let's just say we have four guppies going after the same flake of fish food, and one more hungry contestant to cup. While we take a break, remember to check out the final summer school exam. It's the only way to get your diploma, and it's at npr.org slash summer school. Just a hint, psychographics and demographics are on the test.
SPEAKER_02: This message comes from NPR sponsor Mint Mobile. From the gas pump to the grocery store, inflation is everywhere. So Mint Mobile is offering premium wireless starting at just $15 a month. To get your new phone plan for just $15, go to mintmobile.com slash switch. Support for this podcast and the following message come from the Southern Environmental Law Center and its podcast Broken Ground. This season, meet the environmental storytellers reimagining how people get their news. New episodes available wherever you listen to podcasts.
SPEAKER_09: 5 Guppies Enter the Tank, but only one can come out with a tiny little waterproof mortarboard and the title of valedictorian of the class of 2023. Swimming in now is a man who knows how to end a show with a bang. Jonathan Randich from Chicago, Illinois.
SPEAKER_05: I thought the biggest problem that everyone faces in life is just wanting to be remembered, leaving behind a legacy or knowing that they made an impact. And at the end of their life, there's normally just traditional funerals are always very boring, monotonous. A lot of people want to know that their funeral was a great time, like they went out in some sort of blaze. And that's why at Viking funerals, you can actually do that. We will send you out on a Viking ship, a blaze, while your friends and family watch on shore and they cry and cheer and you live on and have a great legacy. And is your company, are they the ones that provide the boat, the fuel, the lighter, the location?
SPEAKER_09: What exactly are you doing in this Viking funeral? Yes, yes and yes. We are a service that will provide a Viking ship and while there are a lot of legal challenges with this,
SPEAKER_05: we're not actually setting the ship on fire. We're just releasing off a bunch of fireworks and you can pay for how many fireworks you want. So it looks as if it's on fire, but in fact you are not burning a ship into ashes on the open waves.
SPEAKER_09: But we are cremating somebody on the ship in an oven.
SPEAKER_05: So it's a floating crematorium with fireworks that basically turns a funeral into an unforgettable spectacle.
SPEAKER_09: Exactly.
SPEAKER_04: Jonathan, I will say I hear about 50 pitches a week. I think you win as the most memorable pitch for maybe this month.
SPEAKER_09: Look at that.
SPEAKER_05: Oh, that means a lot. Well, I'm sure Angela will ask about the legal implications here.
SPEAKER_09: So do you want to start with that?
SPEAKER_04: I mean, that was my first question. How is this legal? I'm usually a big fan of ask for forgiveness, not permission, but this might be a step... With fire.
SPEAKER_09: Exactly. Maybe not with fire.
SPEAKER_09: And you know, actually, even setting aside the fire, the death industry, if we can call it that, is really highly regulated for good reason. I actually think that there is a market for unique funerals, maybe not specifically this type,
SPEAKER_04: but I think that there is certainly a way to celebrate end of life rather than purely just mourn it. But I think one of the reasons why this is a particularly interesting market is that your customer is oftentimes not who is paying for the product. And so whenever you're talking about a product that is selling into different stakeholders, you have to ask yourself, what's in it for the deceased? What's in it for maybe the person organizing the funeral? And so I am curious, Jonathan, if you've thought about, at what point do you market this and how? And who are you marketing it to? Because I would love this, but my grieving family may not have a sense of humor about it.
SPEAKER_09: Exactly. And that is an issue, and I've thought about both of those.
SPEAKER_05: You know, this is for people that know that the end of life is coming. I actually did have an uncle pass that did have a huge going away party before it happened, and I always thought that was a nice, you know, segment for him to have in his life. And if people can think about doing that in their future, or just the friends and family of the deceased afterwards, like, yeah, let's throw them one big party. Like, this is how they would want to be remembered. I think there's something there.
SPEAKER_04: Like, the logistics obviously have to be worked out, but I think it is a really novel way to think about this market. Well, thank you.
SPEAKER_09: So we have a Book of the Month Club picked by authors, Uber for tour guides, a collapsible boot, a service that allows you to talk death with your loved ones, and a way to go out of this world in a blaze of glory. Professor Angela Lee. Who will be our class valedictorian for 2023?
SPEAKER_04: This is a tough decision, because all of the ideas were really, really great. But if I think about specifically what I'm looking for, is this a team that has what it takes to win in this space, and then is the problem large enough to be interesting, and does that competitive landscape look well-defined? And I think that the founder who did the best job at that, at articulating that, was... If this were a television show, we would now pan across all their nervous faces.
SPEAKER_09: Kaley, Ian, Dane, Jonathan, Eleanor, all in an attempt to stretch out the suspense. I think that the founder who did the best job at that, at articulating that, was Ian Desher,
SPEAKER_04: of the Book of the Month Club slash cameo.
SPEAKER_09: Ian Desher from Portland, Oregon. Oh, my goodness. Wow.
SPEAKER_06: That's crazy. That's really fun.
SPEAKER_04: Ian, what I really liked about your idea is that you're a credible founder of this company, you're an author, you get the business. And I really like the problem that you're solving. The market's large, and it's a really unique way of solving that problem of what do you buy the book lovers in your life? Thank you so much. I'm really honored that you like my pitch.
SPEAKER_06: So, Ian, this is your chance to make the valedictory address to the class of 2023.
SPEAKER_09: Anything you want to say to your fellow MBA students? Go out there with your ideas and make something great happen.
SPEAKER_06: It's really fun to follow this sort of a dream. When it's something that you want to see in the world, go out and make it happen.
SPEAKER_09: I love it. That's every graduation speech ever written condensed down to 10 seconds. Professor Angela Lee of Columbia Business School, thank you so much for being our first professor of the season and our final Guppy Judge. Great chatting with you and happy graduation, everyone.
SPEAKER_09: Class of 2023, do not turn your tassels and throw your hats in the air yet. You do have to pass one final test. If you listen to all season, it should be a piece of cake. Ten multiple choice questions and you can get your virtual diploma. The test is at npr.org slash summer school. And make sure you tag us when you share it on social media. If you enjoyed this season of Planet Money Summer School, there are three more seasons out there. Start studying how to think like an economist, the secrets of investing and making sense of macroeconomics. All available on their own podcast feed. Search Planet Money Summer School. Our summer school series was produced by Max Friedman. Our project manager is Julia Carney. Sam Yellowhorse Kessler handled the social media. Special thanks today to Sina Laffredo and James Snead for helping to run the Guppy Tank. This episode was edited by our executive producer, Alex Goldmark, and engineered by James Willet. The show is fact checked by Ciara Juarez. Thank you so much to the more than 100 listeners who sent us pitches. The economy is going to be just fine, everyone. And to the finalists we talked to who didn't make it into the Guppy Tank, Jackie Lopez, Greta Reitenbach, Stefania Pinon, and Adam Day-Walker. I'm Robert Smith, this is NPR, and class is dismissed.
SPEAKER_02: No one ever wants to hear that someone they care about is struggling through their cancer journey. At the American Cancer Society, they work to make sure no one has to hear it again. Learn more at cancer.org.
